Paunoshandisa injini dzekutsvaga dzakasiyana kutsvaga "Japan metallurgy", uchaona kuti marudzi ese ezvinyorwa nemavhidhiyo akatsvakwa anoti Japan metallurgy yanga iri pamberi penyika kwemakore mazhinji, China, United States neRussia hazvina kunaka. seJapan, ichizvikudza pamusoro peJapan uye ichitsika China, United States neRussia, asi ndizvo zvazviri here?Mobei anga akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekubereka kwemakore akawanda.Inofanirwa kugadzirisa zita reChina inotakura simbi uye kuratidza iyo chaiyo nhanho yeChina inotakura simbi, iyo iri kure kupfuura zvaunotarisira!
Indasitiri yemetallurgical inovhara zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira simbi dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzisina-ferrous simbi.Zvakaoma kuenzanisa zvakananga kuti ndeipi nyika iri kutungamira.Zvisinei, zviri nyore kusimbisa kana metallurgy yeJapan iri kutungamirira pasi rose.Isu tinogona kutanga tacherekedza mamiriro emusika wese weiyo metallurgical indasitiri, uye tozonzwisisa zvakadzama maitiro emakwikwi ezvimwe zvakakosha zvigadzirwa zvesimbi.Pakazara, misika yepasi rose yesimbi inosvika 380 bhiriyoni yemadhora ekuAmerica, simbi yekuChina inosvika 39,8 bhiriyoni US dollars, Japan iUS 26.7 bhiriyoni, Germany 25.4 bhiriyoni US dollar, South Korea 23,5 bhiriyoni US dollar uye Russia 19,8 bhiriyoni US dollars. .Panyaya yedata rekunze resimbi, China iri pamberi peJapan.Vamwe vanhu vachati "Simbi yeChina ihombe chete asi haina kusimba", asi China yakawana mari yekunze yakawanda kuburikidza nesimbi kunze kwenyika.Zvinoenderana neakazara simbi kunze data, Japan haitungamiri pasirese.Zvadaro, kukwikwidzana kwezvinhu zvakakosha metallurgical zvinoongororwa.Iko kukosha kwecheni yeferrous metal piramidhi kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi ndeiyi: superalloy, tool and die simbi, inotakura simbi, Ultra-high simba simbi, Stainless simbi uye crude simbi.
Superalloy
Ngatitaure nezve superalloys.Superalloys ari pamusoro pepiramidhi kukosha cheni.Kushandiswa kwe superalloys kunotora chete 0.02% yehuwandu hwesimbi inoshandiswa, asi chiyero chemusika chakakwirira kusvika makumi emabhiriyoni emadhora, uye mutengo wayo wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura wezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvesimbi.Kuenzaniswa nemutengo wenguva imwe cheteyo, mutengo patani imwe ye superalloy wakakwira kusvika makumi ezviuru zvemadhora, mutengo patani imwe yesimbi isina tsvina zviuru zvemadhora, uye mutengo patani imwe yesimbi isina kuchena mazana emadhora.Superalloys inonyanya kushandiswa mune aerospace uye gasi turbines.Iko hakuna anopfuura makumi mashanu emabhizinesi anogona kugadzira Superalloys yeaerospace pasirese.Nyika zhinji dzinotora zvigadzirwa zve superalloy mune zvemuchadenga zvikumbiro sezvishandiso zvehondo.
PCC (precision castparts Corp) iri pakati pemabhizinesi mashanu epamusoro mukugadzirwa kwepasi rose superalloy Mabhizinesi ayo SMC (Special Metals Corporation), VDM yekuGermany, imphy alloys yeFrance, muvezi Technology Corporation yekuUnited States uye ATI (Allegheny Technologies Inc) ye United States, yakazoiswa muHitachi simbi uye metallurgical indasitiri muJapan.Tichitarisa kubuda kwemabhizinesi ese, kubuda kweUnited States kwakanyanya kudarika kune dzimwe nyika.
Chishandiso uye simbi inofa
Kunze kwechishandiso uye simbi inofa, mudziyo uye simbi inofa ndiro zita rinowanzozivikanwa resimbi inofa uye yakakwirira-kumhanya chishandiso simbi.Iyo ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yekufa uye yakakwirira-kumhanya maturusi.Tooling inozivikanwa se "amai veindasitiri yemazuva ano", izvo zvinoratidza kukosha kwekushandisa simbi muindasitiri yemazuva ano.Chishandiso uye simbi inofa imhando yesimbi yakakosha ine yakawedzera kukosha, uye mutengo wechigadzirwa wakakwira kupfuura uya wesimbi yakakosha.
Mabhizinesi mashanu epamusoro akaiswa muchikamu chepasi rose chemidziyo uye simbi inofa ndeaya: Austria VAI / Voestalpine, China Tiangong yepasi rose, Germany smo bigenbach / schmolz + bickenbach, Northeast China yakakosha simbi, China Baowu, Japan Datong iri pachinhanho chechitanhatu, uye maChinese mabhizinesi ari pachinzvimbo. 20 mukubuda ndeiyi: Hebei Wenfeng maindasitiri boka, Qilu yakakosha simbi, Great Wall yakakosha simbi, Taiwan Ronggang CITIC.Panyaya yemabhizinesi epamusoro makumi maviri anogadzira chishandiso uye simbi inofa, kubuda kwechishandiso nesimbi inofa muChina kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kune dzimwe nyika.
Kutakura simbi
Ngatitaure nezvekubereka simbi.Kutakura simbi ndeimwe yemhando dzakaomesesa dzesimbi mune zvese kugadzirwa kwesimbi.Iine zvakanyanya kusimba zvinodiwa pakufanana kwemakemikari ekugadzirwa, zvinyorwa uye kugoverwa kwezvisina-metallic inclusions uye kugoverwa kwecarbides yesimbi inotakura.Kunyanya, iyo yakakwirira-yepamusoro-soro yesimbi yepamusoro-soro haifaniri kungokwanisa kutakura mutoro kwenguva yakareba, asiwo kuva yakarurama, inodzorwa, yakaoma uye yakavimbika.Ndiyo imwe yesimbi yakaoma zvakanyanya kunyungudika.Fushun Special Steel aviation inotakura zvigadzirwa zvesimbi ine chikamu chemusika chepamba chinodarika 60%.
Huwandu hwekutengesa hweDaye Special Steel Bearing Steel hunoita chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehuwandu hwekutengesa muChina, uye njanji ine simbi inoita makumi matanhatu muzana echikamu chemusika wenyika.Daye Special simbi inotakura simbi inoshandiswa kune mabearings panjanji dzinomhanya-mhanya muFrance neGermany, pamwe nemabheji enjanji anomhanya anotengeswa kubva kuChina.Daye Special Steel, yakakwirira-yekupedzisira inotakura simbi yeakakwira-simba fan main shaft fani uye mhepo inotenderera inotenderedza zvinhu, ine misika yemumba inodarika 85%, uye yakakwirira-yekupedzisira mhepo inotakura zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvinotumirwa kuEurope, India. nedzimwe nyika.
Kugadzirwa uye kutengesa vhoriyamu yekutakura simbi yeXingcheng Special Steel yakagara pekutanga muChina kwemakore gumi nematanhatu akateedzana uye yekutanga munyika kwemakore gumi akateedzana.Mumusika wepamba, mugove wesimbi yepamusoro-soro yakasvika 85%.Kubva 2003, simbi inotakura yeXingcheng Special Steel yakagamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma nevagadziri vepasi vasere vepamusoro, kusanganisira Sweden SKF, Germany Schaeffler, Japan NSK, France ntn-snr, nezvimwe.
Panyaya yemusika wepamba, mabhizinesi eChinese anotora chikamu chikuru chemusika.China imusika mukuru.Zviripachena kuti hazvina musoro kutaura nezvenyika pasina China.Aya data haatsigire chinzvimbo cheJapan chinotungamira pasirese kwemakumi emakore.Mazwi ekutanga aWang Huaishi, Secretary General weChina Special Steel Enterprise Association, ndeaya anotevera: mhando yemhando yekutakura zvigadzirwa zvesimbi muChina yasvika padanho rinotungamira repasirese, iro rinoratidzwa kwete chete muzviratidzo zvehunyanzvi, asiwo mukupinza uye kupinza zvinhu. kunze kwenyika.
Kune rumwe rutivi, huwandu hwesimbi inotengeswa kunze kwenyika idiki kwazvo, uye China inogona kugadzira dzinenge dzese marudzi;Kune rumwe rutivi, nhamba huru yezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-soro zvakagadzirwa muChina zvinotengeswa kunze uye zvinotengwa nemakambani epasi rose epamusoro-soro.
Ultra yakakwirira simba simbi
Pamusoro pezvo, simbi yemhando yepamusoro-soro inoreva simbi ine goho rakakura kupfuura 1180mpa uye kusimba kwesimba rakakura kupfuura 1380mpa.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yeaerospace uye indasitiri yemotokari.Isimbi yepamusoro-soro, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira giya rekumhara ndege uye zvikamu zvekuchengetedza motokari.Iyo inomiririra yakanyanya-yakakwirira simba simbi chigadzirwa mumunda wemotokari ialuminium silicon yakavharwa inopisa yakaumbwa simbi.Aluminium silicon yekuputira zvinopisa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinoita kuti ArcelorMittal ive bhizinesi rine chikamu chepamusoro chemusika wezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zveBIW pasirese.ArcelorMittal aluminium silicon coating inopisa yekugadzira zvigadzirwa inosvika makumi maviri muzana emidziyo yesimbi inoshandiswa kuBIW (kusanganisira inotyairwa nemafuta nemotokari dzemagetsi) munyika.
Aluminium silicon yakavharwa 1500MPa inopisa stamping simbi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yezvinhu zvekuchengetedza motokari, nekushandiswa kwepagore kwematani anoda kusvika mamirioni mana pasi rese.Aluminium silicon coating tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa naArcelorMittal wekuLuxembourg muna 1999 uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakaumba hutongi hwese pasirese.Simbi yakasimba-yakasimba yemotokari yese ingangoita 5000 yuan patani, ukuwo aruminiyamu yakavharwa nesimbi inopisa-yakaumbwa neArcelorMittal inodarika 8000 yuan patani, iyo inodhura makumi matanhatu muzana.Pamusoro pekugadzira kwayo pachayo, ArcelorMittal ichaitawo marezinesi emvumo kumakambani mashoma esimbi pasi rese ekugadzira nekutengesa, achichaja miripo yemarezenisi epamusoro.Kusvika 2019, pamusangano weChina mota lightweight, timu yaProfessor Yi Hongliang, State Key Laboratory yerolling tekinoroji uye inoenderera mberi ichitenderedza otomatiki yeNortheast University, yakaburitsa tekinoroji nyowani yealuminium silicon coating, ichityora makore makumi maviri patent monopoly yeArcelorMittal.
Chigadzirwa chine mukurumbira mumunda wendege iAmerican international nickel 300M simbi yekambani ndiyo giya rekumhara rine simba repamusoro, mashandiro akazara uye anonyanya kushandiswa pasirese.Parizvino, zvinopfuura 90% zvemidziyo yekumhara yendege dzemauto uye ndege dzehurumende dziri kushanda muUnited States dzakagadzirwa ne300M simbi.
Simbi isina ngura
Kunze kwesimbi isina simbi, zita rekuti "stainless simbi" rinobva pakuti rudzi urwu rwesimbi haruna kuorera uye kuita ngura sesimbi yakajairika.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri inorema, indasitiri yakareruka, indasitiri yezvinoda zuva nezuva, kushongedza kwekuvaka uye mamwe maindasitiri.Mabhizimusi gumi epamusoro mukugadzirwa kwesimbi yepasi rose anoti: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron nesimbi, South Korea POSCO simbi nesimbi, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron nesimbi, Lianzhong simbi isina tsvina, China. Delong nickel uye China Baosteel Stainless simbi.
Mugove wepasi rose wekugadzirwa kwesimbi isina tsvina ndeye 56.3% muChina, 15.1% muAsia (kunze kweChina neSouth Korea), 13% muEurope uye 5% muUnited States.Kugadzirwa kweChina kwakanyanya kudarika kune dzimwe nyika.
Simbi isina ngura
Kunze kwesimbi isina simbi, zita rekuti "stainless simbi" rinobva pakuti rudzi urwu rwesimbi haruna kuorera uye kuita ngura sesimbi yakajairika.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri inorema, indasitiri yakareruka, indasitiri yezvinoda zuva nezuva, kushongedza kwekuvaka uye mamwe maindasitiri.Mabhizimusi gumi epamusoro mukugadzirwa kwesimbi yepasi rose anoti: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron nesimbi, South Korea POSCO simbi nesimbi, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron nesimbi, Lianzhong simbi isina tsvina, China. Delong nickel uye China Baosteel Stainless simbi.
Mugove wepasi rose wekugadzirwa kwesimbi isina tsvina ndeye 56.3% muChina, 15.1% muAsia (kunze kweChina neSouth Korea), 13% muEurope uye 5% muUnited States.Kugadzirwa kweChina kwakanyanya kudarika kune dzimwe nyika.
Crude steel
Ngatitaure nezve crude steel.China ine 56,5%, European Union 8,4%, India 5,3%, Japan 4,5%, Russia 3.9%, United States 3.9%, South Korea 3,6%, Turkey 1,9% uye Brazil 1,7%. .China iri pamberi zvikuru pamusika.
Kuenzanisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvigadzirwa zvemetallurgical mumaketani ekukosha kweferrous metal piramidhi, iyo chaiyo yemakwikwi emusika maitiro hairatidzi kuti Japan yanga ichitungamira pasirese kwemakumi emakore.Zvinyorwa zvakawanda nemavhidhiyo paInternet zvichiti simbi yeJapan inotungamira nyika ichataura nezvechishanu chizvarwa chekristaro superalloy yakatanga kugadzirwa neJapan, inova ndiyo nheyo huru.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuzivikanwa kuti imwe chete crystal superalloy inofanirwa kupfuura anopfuura makore gumi nemashanu ekutenderera kutenderera kubva pakukura kusvika pakukura.Semuyenzaniso, chizvarwa chechipiri single crystal superalloy Ren é N5, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya neGE, yakatanga kugadzirwa kwealloy mukutanga kwema1980 uye haina kushandiswa kusvika pakati nepakati nekupera kwema1990.Chizvarwa chechipiri single crystal superalloy pwa1484, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya naPratt Whitney, yakatanga budiriro mukutanga kwema1980 uye haina kuiswa kuF110 nemamwe maaeroengines epamusoro kusvika pakati nepakati nekupera kwema1990.
Hazvigoneke kuti mapurojekiti einjini mune dzimwe nyika atore chimbi-chimbi cheJapan chisati chakura chechizvarwa chimwe chekristaro superalloy.Iyo chete inogona kushandiswa ndeye murwi wechizvarwa chitsva cheJapan.Hurumende yeJapan inoronga kuendesa murwi wechizvarwa chitsva muna 2035, ndiko kuti, zvichatora nguva yakareba kuona ichi chizvarwa chechishanu chekristaro superalloy ichishandiswa zvakanyanya.Saka Japan Chii chiri kuita kwechizvarwa chechishanu imwe crystal superalloy?Zvose hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
Isu tinofanirwa kuziva kuti yekutanga kusvika kuchina chizvarwa chimwe chekristaro superalloys haisati yashandiswa zvakanyanya, izvo zvinokwana kuratidza kuti imwe crystal superalloys yekuJapan iri kumashure parizvino.Musika wemakwikwi emhando ye superalloy, turusi uye simbi inofa, inotakura simbi, Ultra-yakakwirira simba simbi, Stainless simbi uye crude simbi hairatidzi chizvarwa chechishanu single crystal superalloy iyo simbi yeJapan yanga ichitungamira pasirese kwemakumi emakore uye haisati yave chaiyo. kushandiswa.Izvo hazvigone kushandiswa kuratidza kuti simbi yeJapan yanga ichitungamira pasirese kwemakumi emakore, kunyangwe kana vanyori veizvi zvinyorwa nemavhidhiyo vachikwanisa kutarisisa mune ramangwana, Uye haigone kushandura chokwadi.
Shamwari dzakawanda dzakabvunza, "nei maChinese asingagone?", Vanhu vazhinji vakapindura: "Machining eChina haana kunaka, uye kurapwa kwekupisa hakuna kunaka."kune mibvunzo yakawanda yakafanana nemhinduro.Muchokwadi, vanhu vazhinji vangasaziva kuti China haingopi chete zvigadzirwa - inotakura simbi kune ekunze mabhizinesi, asiwo inopa akakosha ekutakura zvikamu uye kunyange akapedzwa mabheji emakambani anozivikanwa ekunze akadai seSKF muSweden, Schaeffler kuGermany, Timken mu. United States uye NSK muJapan.
Muchidimbu, pane chimwe chikamu che "made in China" pakati pevanomwe vepamusoro vanogadzira zvigadzirwa.Anozivikanwa mabhizinesi ekubereka akadai seSKF muSweden, Schaeffler kuGermany, Timken muUnited States uye NSK muJapan anogona kutenga zvikamu zveChinese uye zvigadzirwa mumabhechi, izvo zvinokwana kuratidza kuti machining eChina uye kurapwa kwekupisa kunogona kusangana nehunyanzvi hwevatengi. zvinodiwa;Kugamuchirwa kweChinese bearings nemabhizinesi anozivikanwa ekunze anogonawo kutsanangura kunaka uye kushanda kweChinese bearings, iyo inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvevashandisi.
Indasitiri yekuChina yekubereka yakawedzera kukura nekukura kwenguva.Kubva pakugadzwa kwemaindasitiri hurongwa hwekugadzira tekinoroji, uye kubva pakuwedzera kwezvinobuda kusvika pakutengesa gore negore, tinogona kuudza nyika kuti China yatove nyika isingazunungukike, uye danho rekugadzira rakaiswa pakati pepamusoro penyika. !Sezvo nhamba 1 e-commerce mhando yezvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri ekuChina, Mobei ichapawo simba rayo kuChina inobereka indasitiri yekugadzira zvichienderana nemamiriro emunyika yeChina, kuitira kuti "yakagadzirwa muChina" inzwike pasi rese!
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-27-2021